Fig. 4

a,c-g Patient 3 had a diffuse nidus of AVM, which involving left superior parietal lobule and precentral knob area. The only activation area elicited by right hand movement was within the nidus (in green). The CST fiber tract originated from the activation area and then passed through the nidus (in yellow). h Postoperative DSA shows radical resection. b and i Cortical positive simulation points were found at the brain parenchyma within the diffuse nidus intraoperatively (black arrow)